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to set out unprepared

  • 1 unprepared

    unprepared [ˈʌnprɪˈpεəd]
    ( = unready) to be unprepared (for sth/to do sth) [person] ne pas être préparé (à qch/à faire qch)
    * * *
    [ˌʌnprɪ'peəd]
    1) ( not ready) [person] pas préparé ( for pour)
    2) [speech] improvisé; [translation] non préparé

    English-French dictionary > unprepared

  • 2 embarcarse con poco bizcocho

    Spanish-English dictionary > embarcarse con poco bizcocho

  • 3 preparado

    adj.
    1 prepared, prompt, ready, ready and waiting.
    2 prepared, trained.
    m.
    preparation, formulation, composite, blend.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: preparar.
    * * *
    1 (sustancia) preparation
    ————————
    1→ link=preparar preparar
    1 ready, prepared
    1 (sustancia) preparation
    * * *
    1. noun m. 2. (f. - preparada)
    adj.
    1) ready, prepared
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=dispuesto) [persona] prepared, ready

    -¿te vas a presentar al examen? -no, todavía no estoy preparado — "are you going to take the exam?" - "no, I'm not prepared o ready yet"

    ¡preparados, listos, ya! — [gen] ready, steady, go!; (Dep) on your marks, get set, go!

    2) (Culin) (=listo para servir) ready to serve; (=precocinado) ready cooked
    comida 1)
    3) (Educ) [con estudios] educated; [como salida profesional] trained; [con título] qualified
    4) (=informado) well-informed
    2.
    SM (Farm) preparation
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo
    1) [ESTAR] (listo, dispuesto) ready

    preparados, listos, ya! — get ready, get set, go! (AmE), on your marks, get set, go (BrE)

    2) [SER] (instruido, culto) educated
    II
    masculino preparation
    * * *
    = ready [readier -comp., readiest -sup.], pre-digested [predigested], prepared, ready-made, at the ready.
    Ex. Copies with holds must be cataloged quickly to have them ready for the borrower.
    Ex. This material includes case studies, games, and model making kits, each containing a pre-digested gobbet of information.
    Ex. It may be conducted through displays, specially prepared leaflets, or by giving talks to groups.
    Ex. In some cases UDC provides the indexer with a ready-made class number for a compound subject.
    Ex. The Queen's undertakers keep a special coffin at the ready in case a member of the Royal family dies suddenly abroad.
    ----
    * almuerzo preparado = packed lunch.
    * bien preparado = well-trained, well-prepared.
    * comida preparada = take-out.
    * estar mal preparado = ill-prepared.
    * estar preparado = be readied, stand + ready, be ready.
    * estar preparado para = be geared up for/to, stand + poised.
    * estar preparado y dispuesto a todo = be ready, willing and able.
    * mal preparado = ill-trained.
    * no preparado = unprepared.
    * preparado de antemano = pre-prepared, stage-managed, ready-made, cut and dried [cut and dry].
    * preparado en lonchas = pre-sliced [presliced].
    * preparado en rodajas = pre-sliced [presliced].
    * preparado para el futuro = future-proof.
    * Preparados, listos, ya! = On your mark, get set, go!, ready, set, go!.
    * tener una alternativa preparada = have + something up + Posesivo + sleeve, have + something up + Posesivo + sleeve.
    * ya preparado = preformatted [pre-formatted].
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo
    1) [ESTAR] (listo, dispuesto) ready

    preparados, listos, ya! — get ready, get set, go! (AmE), on your marks, get set, go (BrE)

    2) [SER] (instruido, culto) educated
    II
    masculino preparation
    * * *
    = ready [readier -comp., readiest -sup.], pre-digested [predigested], prepared, ready-made, at the ready.

    Ex: Copies with holds must be cataloged quickly to have them ready for the borrower.

    Ex: This material includes case studies, games, and model making kits, each containing a pre-digested gobbet of information.
    Ex: It may be conducted through displays, specially prepared leaflets, or by giving talks to groups.
    Ex: In some cases UDC provides the indexer with a ready-made class number for a compound subject.
    Ex: The Queen's undertakers keep a special coffin at the ready in case a member of the Royal family dies suddenly abroad.
    * almuerzo preparado = packed lunch.
    * bien preparado = well-trained, well-prepared.
    * comida preparada = take-out.
    * estar mal preparado = ill-prepared.
    * estar preparado = be readied, stand + ready, be ready.
    * estar preparado para = be geared up for/to, stand + poised.
    * estar preparado y dispuesto a todo = be ready, willing and able.
    * mal preparado = ill-trained.
    * no preparado = unprepared.
    * preparado de antemano = pre-prepared, stage-managed, ready-made, cut and dried [cut and dry].
    * preparado en lonchas = pre-sliced [presliced].
    * preparado en rodajas = pre-sliced [presliced].
    * preparado para el futuro = future-proof.
    * Preparados, listos, ya! = On your mark, get set, go!, ready, set, go!.
    * tener una alternativa preparada = have + something up + Posesivo + sleeve, have + something up + Posesivo + sleeve.
    * ya preparado = preformatted [pre-formatted].

    * * *
    preparado1 -da
    A [ ESTAR] (listo, dispuesto) ready preparado PARA algo ready FOR sth
    todo está preparado para emprender el viaje everything's ready for the trip
    aún no está preparado para presentarse al examen he's still not ready to take o not prepared for the exam
    no estaba preparado para recibir la noticia he wasn't prepared for the news
    viene preparado para echarte una buena reprimenda he's all set to give you a good telling-off ( colloq)
    ¡preparados, listos, ya! get ready, get set, go! ( AmE), on your marks, get set, go ( BrE), ready, steady, go ( BrE)
    B [ SER] (instruido, culto) educated
    es una persona muy preparada she's very well-educated
    un profesional muy bien preparado a highly-trained professional
    preparation
    * * *

     

    Del verbo preparar: ( conjugate preparar)

    preparado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    preparado    
    preparar
    preparado
    ◊ -da adjetivo

    1 [ESTAR] (listo, dispuesto) ready;
    preparado PARA algo ready for sth;
    ◊ ¡preparados, listos, ya! get ready, get set, go! (AmE), on your marks, get set, go! (BrE)

    2 [SER] (instruido, culto) educated;

    preparar ( conjugate preparar) verbo transitivo
    1 ‹ plato› to make, prepare;
    ‹ comida› to prepare, get … ready;
    ‹ medicamento› to prepare, make up;
    ‹ habitación› to prepare, get … ready;
    ‹ cuenta› to draw up (AmE), make up (BrE)
    2 ‹examen/prueba› to prepare
    3 ‹ persona› ( para examen) to tutor, coach (BrE);
    ( para partido) to train, coach, prepare;
    (para tarea, reto) to prepare
    prepararse verbo pronominal
    1 ( refl) ( disponerse): preparadose PARA algo to get ready for sth
    2 ( refl) ( formarse) to prepare;
    preparadose para algo ‹para examen/competición› to prepare for sth
    preparado,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 (dispuesto, listo) ready
    2 (para ser consumido) comida preparada, ready-cooked meal
    3 (capacitado, experto) trained, qualified
    II m Farm preparation
    preparar verbo transitivo
    1 to prepare, get ready
    preparar una fiesta, to prepare a party
    2 Dep to train, coach
    ' preparado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    contingente
    - desorbitada
    - desorbitado
    - dispuesta
    - dispuesto
    - estabilizante
    - lista
    - listo
    - mínimamente
    - preparada
    - soplo
    - apunte
    - contraindicado
    - pronto
    English:
    for
    - ill-prepared
    - poised
    - prepared
    - processed
    - readiness
    - ready
    - ready-made
    - set
    - soon
    - unprepared
    - baked beans
    - leave
    - mix
    - preparation
    * * *
    preparado, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [dispuesto] ready ( para for); [de antemano] prepared ( para for);
    ya está todo preparado para la inauguración everything is now ready for the opening;
    les sirvió un plato que ya tenía preparado he served them a dish which he had prepared earlier;
    no estaba preparado para la vida de soltero he wasn't prepared for life as a single person;
    preparados, listos, ¡ya! ready, steady, go!, on your marks, get set, go!
    2. [capacitado] qualified;
    no estoy preparado para hacer este trabajo I'm not qualified to do o for this job;
    varios candidatos muy preparados several well-qualified candidates
    3. [plato] ready-cooked
    ♦ nm
    [medicamento] preparation
    * * *
    I adj ready, prepared;
    ¡preparados, listos, ya! ready, set, go!
    II m preparation
    * * *
    preparado, -da adj
    1) : ready, prepared
    2) : trained
    : preparation, mixture
    * * *
    1. (listo) ready
    ¿está todo preparado? is everything ready?
    2. (capacitado) trained / qualified
    ¡preparados, listos, ya! ready, steady go!

    Spanish-English dictionary > preparado

  • 4 dispuesto

    adj.
    disposed, all set, prepared, ready.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: disponer.
    * * *
    1→ link=disponer disponer
    1 (decidido) determined
    2 (preparado) prepared, ready, willing
    3 (arreglado) arranged, settled, ready
    4 (despabilado) bright, clever, capable
    5 (servicial) helpful
    * * *
    (f. - dispuesta)
    adj.
    ready, prepared
    * * *
    1.
    PP de disponer
    2. ADJ
    1) (=preparado) arranged, ready

    todo está dispuesto para las elecciones — everything is set o arranged o ready for the elections

    ¿estáis dispuestos para salir? — are you ready to leave?

    2) (=decidido) willing

    • estar dispuesto a, estábamos dispuestos al diálogo — we were willing o prepared to discuss the matter

    • bien dispuesto — well-disposed

    • mal dispuesto — ill-disposed

    • poco dispuesto — reluctant, unwilling

    * * *
    - ta adjetivo
    a) ( preparado) ready
    b) ( con voluntad) willing

    dispuesto a + inf — prepared to + inf

    * * *
    = ready [readier -comp., readiest -sup.], willing, nothing loath.
    Ex. Copies with holds must be cataloged quickly to have them ready for the borrower.
    Ex. Any attempt to coerce a response without good reason based on that child's present predicament is to place in jeopardy the child's willing engagement now and in the future.
    Ex. The stranger, nothing loath to start a conversation with them, looked at them smilingly.
    ----
    * dispuesto a = disposed to.
    * dispuesto a ayudar = willing, willing to help.
    * dispuesto a intentarlo = willing to try.
    * dispuesto de forma uniforme = regimented.
    * estar dispuestísimo a = be more than willing to.
    * estar dispuesto = be game.
    * estar dispuesto a = be keen to, be prepared to, be willing to, be of a mind to, be willing and able to, be ready, willing and able.
    * estar dispuesto a todo = be ready, willing and able.
    * estar dispuesto y deseoso a = be willing and able to.
    * estar poco dispuesto = be reluctant.
    * estar preparado y dispuesto a todo = be ready, willing and able.
    * estar siempre dispuesto a ayudar = be always willing to assist.
    * muy dispuesto a = all ready to.
    * no dispuesto = unprepared.
    * no estar dispuesto a = be unwilling to, be negatively disposed to.
    * poco dispuesto = disinclined.
    * * *
    - ta adjetivo
    a) ( preparado) ready
    b) ( con voluntad) willing

    dispuesto a + inf — prepared to + inf

    * * *
    = ready [readier -comp., readiest -sup.], willing, nothing loath.

    Ex: Copies with holds must be cataloged quickly to have them ready for the borrower.

    Ex: Any attempt to coerce a response without good reason based on that child's present predicament is to place in jeopardy the child's willing engagement now and in the future.
    Ex: The stranger, nothing loath to start a conversation with them, looked at them smilingly.
    * dispuesto a = disposed to.
    * dispuesto a ayudar = willing, willing to help.
    * dispuesto a intentarlo = willing to try.
    * dispuesto de forma uniforme = regimented.
    * estar dispuestísimo a = be more than willing to.
    * estar dispuesto = be game.
    * estar dispuesto a = be keen to, be prepared to, be willing to, be of a mind to, be willing and able to, be ready, willing and able.
    * estar dispuesto a todo = be ready, willing and able.
    * estar dispuesto y deseoso a = be willing and able to.
    * estar poco dispuesto = be reluctant.
    * estar preparado y dispuesto a todo = be ready, willing and able.
    * estar siempre dispuesto a ayudar = be always willing to assist.
    * muy dispuesto a = all ready to.
    * no dispuesto = unprepared.
    * no estar dispuesto a = be unwilling to, be negatively disposed to.
    * poco dispuesto = disinclined.

    * * *
    1 (preparado) ready
    todo está dispuesto para el viaje everything is arranged o ready for the trip
    la mesa está dispuesta the table is set o laid
    2 (con voluntad) dispuesto A + INF prepared to + INF
    siempre está dispuesto a ayudar he's always prepared o willing o ready to help
    la empresa no está dispuesta a ceder the company is not prepared o willing to back down
    llegó dispuesto a hacer las paces con ella he arrived ready to make it up with her
    * * *

     

    Del verbo disponer: ( conjugate disponer)

    dispuesto es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    disponer    
    dispuesto
    disponer ( conjugate disponer) verbo transitivo
    1 (frml) (establecer, ordenar) [ ley] to provide (frml), to stipulate (frml);
    [ rey] to decree;
    [general/juez] to order
    2 (frml) (colocar, arreglar) to arrange, set out, lay out
    verbo intransitivo: dispuesto de algo ‹de tiempo/ayuda› to have sth;
    ◊ con los recursos de que dispongo with the means available to me o at my disposal

    disponerse verbo pronominal (frml) mientras se disponían a tomar el tren as they were about to catch the train;
    la tropa se dispuso a atacar the troops prepared to attack
    dispuesto -ta adjetivo


    dispuesto a hacer algo prepared to do sth
    disponer
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (colocar) to arrange, set out
    2 (preparar) to prepare: lo dispuso todo para el encuentro, she prepared everything for the meeting
    3 (mandar, establecer) to lay down, state: así lo dispuso en su testamento, so he stipulated in his will
    II verbo intransitivo disponer de, to have at one's disposal
    dispuesto,-a adjetivo
    1 (preparado) ready
    2 (colocado) arranged
    3 (resuelto, convencido) determined: estamos dispuestos a afrontar las consecuencias, we are prepared to take the consequences
    4 (voluntarioso) willing
    5 (previsto, estipulado) lo enterraron según lo dispuesto en su testamento, he was buried as stipulated in his will
    ' dispuesto' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acudir
    - dispuesta
    - preparada
    - preparado
    - cumplimiento
    - solícito
    English:
    amenable
    - disposed
    - game
    - inclined
    - prepared
    - ready
    - unwilling
    - well-disposed
    - willing
    - agreeable
    - go
    - mettle
    - oblige
    - sympathetic
    - unhelpful
    - well
    * * *
    dispuesto, -a
    ♦ participio
    ver disponer
    ♦ adj
    1. [preparado, organizado] ready;
    todo está dispuesto para que comience la semifinal everything is ready for the semifinal to start;
    la mesa ya está dispuesta the table has been laid
    2. [decidido, con plena voluntad]
    dispuesto a algo: parecían dispuestos al acuerdo they seemed to be willing to reach an agreement;
    está dispuesto a todo con tal de conseguir lo que quiere he's prepared to do anything as long as he gets what he wants;
    estar dispuesto a hacer algo to be prepared to do sth;
    siempre estuvo dispuesto a cooperar he was always willing to cooperate;
    no estoy dispuesto a tolerarlo más I'm not prepared to tolerate it any longer
    3. [capaz] capable;
    [a ayudar] ready to help;
    es un chico muy dispuesto he's a very obliging o willing lad
    * * *
    I part → disponer
    II adj para expresar preparación ready (a to); para expresar voluntad willing, disposed ( a hacer algo to do sth)
    * * *
    dispuesto, -ta adj
    preparado: ready, prepared, disposed
    * * *
    1. (preparado) ready
    2. (con voluntad) prepared / willing

    Spanish-English dictionary > dispuesto

  • 5 coger

    v.
    1 to take.
    coger a alguien de la mano to take somebody by the hand
    coge esta bolsa un momento hold this bag a moment
    ¿puedes coger el teléfono, por favor? could you pick the phone up o answer the phone, please?
    Ella cogió una rama She caught a branch.
    Ella cogió impulso para despegar She took impulse to lift off.
    2 to catch (atrapar) (ladrón, pez, pájaro).
    ¿a que no me coges? bet you can't catch me!
    Ella cogió un ratón con su ratonera She caught a mouse with her mousetrap.
    Ella cogió una enfermedad contagiosa She caught a contagious disease.
    3 to catch up with (alcanzar) (persona, vehículo).
    se me ha caído el bolígrafo, ¿me lo puedes coger? I've dropped my pen, could you pick it up for me?
    5 to take (quedarse con) (propina, empleo, piso).
    llegaremos pronto para coger buen sitio we'll get there early to get a good seat
    7 to take.
    ¿quién me ha cogido el lápiz? who's taken my pencil?
    te he cogido la calculadora un momento I've just borrowed your calculator for a moment
    8 to take, to catch.
    no me gusta coger el avión I don't like flying
    9 to catch, to get (contraer) (gripe, resfriado).
    coger una borrachera to get drunk
    coger frío to get cold
    10 to start to feel (sentir) (manía, odio, afecto).
    coger cariño/miedo a to become fond/scared of
    11 to knock over, to run over.
    12 to catch.
    no cogió el chiste he didn't get the joke
    13 to get, to receive (sintonizar) (canal, emisora).
    14 to cover, to take up (abarcar) (espacio).
    15 to screw, to fuck. ( Latin American Spanish)
    16 to be.
    coge muy cerca de aquí it's not very far from here
    17 to catch on, to understand, to catch.
    Ella cogió la conversación She caught on the conversation.
    18 to have.
    Nos cogió un acceso de tos We had a coughing fit.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ PROTEGER], like link=proteger proteger
    1 (asir) to seize, take hold of
    2 (apresar) to capture, catch
    3 (tomar) to take
    4 (contratar) to take on
    5 (tren etc) to catch
    6 (tomar prestado) to borrow
    8 (enfermedad, balón) to catch
    9 (acento, costumbres) to pick up
    10 (velocidad, fuerza) to gather
    11 (atropellar) to run over, knock down
    12 (emisora, canal) to pick up, get
    13 (notas) to take, take down
    14 (oír) to catch
    15 (entender) to understand, get
    1 (plantas, colores) to take
    2 (ir) to turn, take, go
    3 familiar (caber) to fit
    1 (pillarse) to catch
    2 (agarrarse) to hold on
    \
    coger algo por los pelos figurado to just make something
    coger del brazo a alguien to take somebody by the arm, grab somebody by the arm
    coger cariño a algo/alguien to become fond of something/somebody, take a liking to something/somebody
    coger desprevenido,-a figurado to catch unawares
    coger miedo a algo to become afraid of something
    coger por sorpresa to catch by surprise
    coger puntos (de media etc) to pick up stitches
    coger una manía a alguien familiar to take a dislike to somebody
    coger y... familiar to up and..., go and...
    cogerse un cabreo familiar to get very angry
    no hay por dónde cogerlo he hasn't got a leg to stand on
    * * *
    verb
    5) pick
    * * *
    Para las expresiones coger desprevenido, coger in fraganti, ver la otra entrada.
    1. VERBO TRANSITIVO
    1) (=con la mano)
    a) (=tomar) to take

    ¿puedo coger este? — can I take this one?

    • coger a algn de la [mano] — to take sb by the hand

    ir cogidos de la mano — to walk along holding hands {o} hand in hand

    b) (=levantar) to pick up

    coge al niño, que está llorando — pick up the baby, he's crying

    c) [con fuerza] to grasp
    d) (=sostener) to hold
    2) (=escoger) to pick

    coge el que más te guste — take {o} pick the one you like best

    3) [+ flor, fruta] to pick
    4) (=quitar) [gen] to take; (=pedir prestado) to borrow

    ¿quién ha cogido el periódico? — who's taken the newspaper?

    ¿te puedo coger el bolígrafo? — can I borrow your pen?

    te he cogido la regla — I've borrowed your ruler, I've pinched your ruler *

    5) (=apuntar) to take (down)
    6) esp Esp (=conseguir) to get

    ¿nos coges dos entradas? — would you get us two tickets?

    • coger [hora] para el dentista/en la peluquería — to make an appointment to see {o} with the dentist/at the hairdresser's

    7) (=adquirir)
    a) [+ enfermedad] to catch

    el niño cogió sarampión — the child got {o} caught measles

    • coger [frío] — to get cold

    • ha cogido una [insolación] — she's got sunstroke

    b) [+ costumbre, hábito] to get into; [+ acento] to pick up
    c) [+ fuerzas] to gather; [+ velocidad] to gather, pick up
    8) (=atrapar)
    a) esp Esp [+ persona, pez, balón] to catch

    ¡coge la pelota! — catch the ball!

    ¡por fin te he cogido! — caught you at last!

    b) esp Esp [toro] (=cornear) to gore; (=voltear) to toss
    c) esp Esp [coche] (=atropellar) to knock down, run over
    d) (Mil) to take prisoner, capture

    han cogido a quince soldados — fifteen soldiers have been taken prisoner {o} have been captured

    9) esp Esp (=sorprender) to catch

    coger a algn en una mentira — to catch sb lying, catch sb in a lie

    la guerra nos cogió en Francia — the war found {o} caught us in France

    antes que nos coja la noche — before night overtakes us {o} comes down on us

    10) (=empezar a sentir)

    • coger [aversión] a algo — to take a strong dislike to sth

    • coger [cariño] a algn — to grow {o} become fond of sb, become attached to sb

    • coger [celos] de algn — to become jealous of sb

    11) (=tomarse) to take

    ¿vas a coger fiesta mañana? — are you going to take tomorrow off?, are you going to take the day off tomorrow?

    12) (=entender) [+ sentido, giro] to get

    ¿no has cogido el chiste? — don't you get the joke?

    13) esp Esp (=aceptar) [+ empleados, trabajo] to take on; [+ alumnos] to take in; [+ pacientes] [en hospital] to take in; [en consultorio] to take on
    14) (=alquilar) to take, rent

    cogimos un apartamento — we took {o} rented an apartment

    15) (=viajar en) [+ tren, avión, autobús] to take

    vamos a coger el tren — let's take {o} get the train

    16) (=ir por) to take
    17) (=recibir) [+ emisora, canal] to pick up, get

    con esta radio cogemos Radio Praga — we can pick up {o} get Radio Prague on this set

    18) (=retener) [+ polvo] to gather, collect

    esta moqueta coge mucho polvo — this carpet gathers {o} collects a lot of dust

    los perros cogen pulgas — dogs get {o} catch fleas

    19) (=aprender) to pick up
    20) (=incorporarse a)
    21) Méx, Arg, Ven *** [sexualmente] to fuck ***, screw ***
    2. VERBO INTRANSITIVO
    1) (=estar) to be

    ¿coge muy lejos de aquí? — is it very far from here?

    2) (=ir)

    • coger [por], cogió por esta calle — he went down this street

    3) Esp * (=caber) to fit

    aquí no coge — there's no room for it here, it doesn't fit (in) here

    4) [planta] to take
    5) Méx, Arg, Ven *** [sexualmente] to fuck ***, screw ***
    6)
    - cogió y se fue
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (esp Esp)
    a) ( tomar) to take

    coge un folleto — pick up o take a leaflet

    esto no hay or no tiene por donde cogerlo — (fam) I just don't know where to start with this

    b) ( quitar) (+ me/te/le etc) to take
    c) <flores/fruta> to pick; < levantar> to pick up

    coger a alguien en autostop — (Esp) to pick up a hitchhiker

    no cogen el teléfono — (Esp) they're not answering the phone

    2) (esp Esp) (alcanzar, atrapar)
    a) <ladrón/terrorista> to catch
    b) < pelota> to catch
    c) <pescado/liebre> to catch
    d) toro to gore
    3) (esp Esp)
    a) ( descubrir) to catch

    lo cogieron in fraganti/robando — he was caught red-handed/stealing

    b) ( encontrar) to catch
    4)
    a) <tren/autobús/taxi> to catch, take
    b) <calle/camino> to take
    5) (Esp fam)
    a) (sacar, obtener) <billete/entrada> to get
    b) ( traer)

    vete a coger el coche — go and get o bring the car

    c) ( ocupar)
    6) (Esp)
    a) ( aceptar) <dinero/trabajo/casa> to take
    b) ( admitir) to take
    c) ( atender)
    7) (esp Esp) ( adquirir)
    a) < enfermedad> to catch; < insolación> to get
    b) <polvo/suciedad> to collect, gather

    coger algo de color — ( broncearse) to get a bit of color

    c) < acento> to pick up; <costumbre/vicio> to pick up; < ritmo> to get into

    cogerla con alguien — to take it out on somebody

    cogerla por hacer algo — (Ven fam) to take to doing something

    8) (esp Esp) ( captar)
    a) <sentido/significado> to get
    b) < emisora> to pick up, get
    9) (Méx, RPl, Ven vulg) to screw (vulg), to fuck (vulg)
    2.
    coger vi
    1) (esp Esp) planta to take; tinte/permanente to take
    2)
    a) (esp Esp)

    cojo/cogió y... — (fam)

    si empiezas con eso cojo y me voy — if you're going to start talking about that, I'm off o (AmE) I'm taking off (colloq)

    b) (esp Esp) ( por un camino)

    coge por esta calle y... — take this street and...

    c) (Esp fam) ( caber) to fit
    3) (Méx, RPl, Ven vulg) to screw (vulg), to fuck (vulg)
    3.
    cogerse v pron (esp Esp)
    a) (agarrarse, sujetarse) to hold on
    b) (recípr)
    * * *
    = pick up, seize, take, trap, brace, catch, grab, pick, entrap, hop on, pull from, pull off, reach out, grasp.
    Ex. Then these suggestion can be picked up by the editor, and communicated to the author.
    Ex. A vague sensation of apprehension seized the newly appointed personnel officer as she knocked on the director's door.
    Ex. If we take Cindi, Albert will almost surely grieve.
    Ex. If the borrower being processed has been set to be trapped, DOBIS/LIBIS displays the message: 'You have trapped a borrower'.
    Ex. The cheeks were braced from their tops to the ceiling, to prevent the press from twisting or shifting about in use.
    Ex. 'And of course,' said the director, brightening as his idea gave birth to another one in her mind, 'it will be interesting to know how efficient electronic systems are at catching thieves'.
    Ex. If we move fast, we can grab the space for the library.
    Ex. The network itself is assumed to be unreliable; any portion of the network could disappear at any moment ( pick your favorite catastrophe -- these days backhoes cutting cables are more of a threat than bombs).
    Ex. Librarians have been known to devote time to entrap and arrest individuals who use the library toilets for sexual purposes = Hay casos de bibliotecarios que han dedicado tiempo a atrapar y detener a individuos que utilizan los servicios de la biblioteca con fines sexuales.
    Ex. The article ' Hop on the Internet, it's time' provides a general discussion of the advantages to be gained by using the Internet.
    Ex. The data is pulled directly from all the bibliographic data bases on DIALOG that have a JN field.
    Ex. One of its main advantages is the potential to pull off descriptive entries onto disc to create annotated booklists.
    Ex. The three monkeys used in this study chose the left arm as the leading arm to reach out and pull back a spring-loaded drawer containing a food morsel.
    Ex. A mouse is commonly moved or lifted from its cage by grasping the base of the tail.
    ----
    * coger a Alguien con las manos en la masa = catch + Nombre + red-handed, catch + Nombre + in the act.
    * coger a Alguien desprevenido = catch + Nombre + off-guard, catch + Nombre + napping, catch + Nombre + flat-footed.
    * coger a Alguien in fraganti = catch + Nombre + red-handed, catch + Nombre + in the act.
    * coger a Alguien por sorpresa = catch + Nombre + off-guard, catch + Nombre + napping, catch + Nombre + flat-footed.
    * coger cariño a = grow + fond of.
    * coger con chinchetas = thumbtack.
    * coger de la mano = hold + Posesivo + hand.
    * coger desprevenido = come as + a great surprise, catch + unprepared, take + Nombre + unawares.
    * coger el avión = jet off.
    * coger el toro por los cuernos = seize + the bull by the horns, take + the bull by the horns, grasp + the nettle, face + Posesivo + fears.
    * coger la mano = take + Posesivo + hand.
    * coger las tetas = breast grabbing.
    * cogerle el gusto a = acquire + a taste for, develop + a taste for.
    * cogerle el truco a Algo = get + the hang of.
    * coger miedo = scare + Reflexivo.
    * coger peso = put on + weight, gain + weight.
    * coger por sorpresa = come as + a great surprise, catch out, blindside, take + Nombre + unawares.
    * coger rápidamente = snatch up.
    * cogerse = snag.
    * cogerse de la mano = hold + hands.
    * cogerse la mano = join + hands.
    * coger una indirecta = take + a hint, get + a hint.
    * coger un enfriamiento = catch + a chill.
    * coger un resfriado de muerte = catch + Posesivo + death (of cold).
    * coger un taxi = take + a taxi.
    * extender la mano para coger algo = hand + reach for.
    * intentar coger = reach for.
    * no coger Algo = go (way) over + Posesivo + head.
    * no coger por sorpresa = come as + no surprise.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (esp Esp)
    a) ( tomar) to take

    coge un folleto — pick up o take a leaflet

    esto no hay or no tiene por donde cogerlo — (fam) I just don't know where to start with this

    b) ( quitar) (+ me/te/le etc) to take
    c) <flores/fruta> to pick; < levantar> to pick up

    coger a alguien en autostop — (Esp) to pick up a hitchhiker

    no cogen el teléfono — (Esp) they're not answering the phone

    2) (esp Esp) (alcanzar, atrapar)
    a) <ladrón/terrorista> to catch
    b) < pelota> to catch
    c) <pescado/liebre> to catch
    d) toro to gore
    3) (esp Esp)
    a) ( descubrir) to catch

    lo cogieron in fraganti/robando — he was caught red-handed/stealing

    b) ( encontrar) to catch
    4)
    a) <tren/autobús/taxi> to catch, take
    b) <calle/camino> to take
    5) (Esp fam)
    a) (sacar, obtener) <billete/entrada> to get
    b) ( traer)

    vete a coger el coche — go and get o bring the car

    c) ( ocupar)
    6) (Esp)
    a) ( aceptar) <dinero/trabajo/casa> to take
    b) ( admitir) to take
    c) ( atender)
    7) (esp Esp) ( adquirir)
    a) < enfermedad> to catch; < insolación> to get
    b) <polvo/suciedad> to collect, gather

    coger algo de color — ( broncearse) to get a bit of color

    c) < acento> to pick up; <costumbre/vicio> to pick up; < ritmo> to get into

    cogerla con alguien — to take it out on somebody

    cogerla por hacer algo — (Ven fam) to take to doing something

    8) (esp Esp) ( captar)
    a) <sentido/significado> to get
    b) < emisora> to pick up, get
    9) (Méx, RPl, Ven vulg) to screw (vulg), to fuck (vulg)
    2.
    coger vi
    1) (esp Esp) planta to take; tinte/permanente to take
    2)
    a) (esp Esp)

    cojo/cogió y... — (fam)

    si empiezas con eso cojo y me voy — if you're going to start talking about that, I'm off o (AmE) I'm taking off (colloq)

    b) (esp Esp) ( por un camino)

    coge por esta calle y... — take this street and...

    c) (Esp fam) ( caber) to fit
    3) (Méx, RPl, Ven vulg) to screw (vulg), to fuck (vulg)
    3.
    cogerse v pron (esp Esp)
    a) (agarrarse, sujetarse) to hold on
    b) (recípr)
    * * *
    = pick up, seize, take, trap, brace, catch, grab, pick, entrap, hop on, pull from, pull off, reach out, grasp.

    Ex: Then these suggestion can be picked up by the editor, and communicated to the author.

    Ex: A vague sensation of apprehension seized the newly appointed personnel officer as she knocked on the director's door.
    Ex: If we take Cindi, Albert will almost surely grieve.
    Ex: If the borrower being processed has been set to be trapped, DOBIS/LIBIS displays the message: 'You have trapped a borrower'.
    Ex: The cheeks were braced from their tops to the ceiling, to prevent the press from twisting or shifting about in use.
    Ex: 'And of course,' said the director, brightening as his idea gave birth to another one in her mind, 'it will be interesting to know how efficient electronic systems are at catching thieves'.
    Ex: If we move fast, we can grab the space for the library.
    Ex: The network itself is assumed to be unreliable; any portion of the network could disappear at any moment ( pick your favorite catastrophe -- these days backhoes cutting cables are more of a threat than bombs).
    Ex: Librarians have been known to devote time to entrap and arrest individuals who use the library toilets for sexual purposes = Hay casos de bibliotecarios que han dedicado tiempo a atrapar y detener a individuos que utilizan los servicios de la biblioteca con fines sexuales.
    Ex: The article ' Hop on the Internet, it's time' provides a general discussion of the advantages to be gained by using the Internet.
    Ex: The data is pulled directly from all the bibliographic data bases on DIALOG that have a JN field.
    Ex: One of its main advantages is the potential to pull off descriptive entries onto disc to create annotated booklists.
    Ex: The three monkeys used in this study chose the left arm as the leading arm to reach out and pull back a spring-loaded drawer containing a food morsel.
    Ex: A mouse is commonly moved or lifted from its cage by grasping the base of the tail.
    * coger a Alguien con las manos en la masa = catch + Nombre + red-handed, catch + Nombre + in the act.
    * coger a Alguien desprevenido = catch + Nombre + off-guard, catch + Nombre + napping, catch + Nombre + flat-footed.
    * coger a Alguien in fraganti = catch + Nombre + red-handed, catch + Nombre + in the act.
    * coger a Alguien por sorpresa = catch + Nombre + off-guard, catch + Nombre + napping, catch + Nombre + flat-footed.
    * coger cariño a = grow + fond of.
    * coger con chinchetas = thumbtack.
    * coger de la mano = hold + Posesivo + hand.
    * coger desprevenido = come as + a great surprise, catch + unprepared, take + Nombre + unawares.
    * coger el avión = jet off.
    * coger el toro por los cuernos = seize + the bull by the horns, take + the bull by the horns, grasp + the nettle, face + Posesivo + fears.
    * coger la mano = take + Posesivo + hand.
    * coger las tetas = breast grabbing.
    * cogerle el gusto a = acquire + a taste for, develop + a taste for.
    * cogerle el truco a Algo = get + the hang of.
    * coger miedo = scare + Reflexivo.
    * coger peso = put on + weight, gain + weight.
    * coger por sorpresa = come as + a great surprise, catch out, blindside, take + Nombre + unawares.
    * coger rápidamente = snatch up.
    * cogerse = snag.
    * cogerse de la mano = hold + hands.
    * cogerse la mano = join + hands.
    * coger una indirecta = take + a hint, get + a hint.
    * coger un enfriamiento = catch + a chill.
    * coger un resfriado de muerte = catch + Posesivo + death (of cold).
    * coger un taxi = take + a taxi.
    * extender la mano para coger algo = hand + reach for.
    * intentar coger = reach for.
    * no coger Algo = go (way) over + Posesivo + head.
    * no coger por sorpresa = come as + no surprise.

    * * *
    coger [E6 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (tomar) to take
    coge lo que quieras take what you like
    a la salida coge un folleto pick up o take a leaflet on the way out
    lo cogió del brazo she took him by the arm
    no ha cogido una brocha en su vida she's never used o picked up a paintbrush in her life
    esto no hay or no tiene por donde cogerlo ( fam); I just don't know where to start with this, I can't make head or tail of this ( colloq)
    2 (quitar) (+ me/te/le etc) to take
    siempre me está cogiendo los lápices she's always taking my pencils
    3 (recoger) to pick up; ‹flores/moras/uvas› to pick
    coge esa revista del suelo pick that magazine up off the floor
    ¿quién ha cogido el dinero que dejé aquí? who's taken the money I left here?
    cogió sus cosas y se largó she got her things together o picked up her things and left
    coger los puntos pick up the stitches
    cogió al niño en brazos she picked the child up in her arms
    no cogen el teléfono they're not answering the phone
    B (alcanzar, atrapar)
    1 ( esp Esp) ‹ladrón/terrorista› to catch
    como te coja, ya verás you'll be sorry if I catch you
    2 ‹pelota› to catch
    3 ‹pescado› to catch; ‹liebres/faisanes› to catch, bag
    4 ( esp Esp) «toro» to gore; «coche» to knock … down
    C
    1 ( esp Esp) (descubrir) to catch
    lo cogieron in fraganti/robando he was caught red-handed/stealing
    los cogieron con 100 gramos de cocaína they were caught with 100 grams of cocaine
    2 (encontrar) ( esp Esp) to catch
    no quiero que me coja la noche en la carretera I don't want to be driving when it gets dark
    la noticia nos cogió en París we were in Paris when we got the news
    me cogió de buenas/malas she caught me in a good/bad mood
    nos cogió desprevenidos it took us by surprise, it caught us unawares
    D
    1 ‹tren/autobús/taxi› to catch, take
    no me apetece coger el coche I don't feel like taking the car
    hace años que no cojo un coche I haven't driven for years
    2 ‹calle/camino› to take
    coge la primera a la derecha take the first right
    E
    1 ( Esp fam) (sacar, obtener) ‹billete/entrada› to get
    tengo que coger hora para ir al médico I have to make an appointment to see the doctor
    2
    (ocupar): ve pronto y coge sitio get there early and save a place
    coge la vez en la cola take your turn in the line ( AmE) o ( BrE) queue
    cogió la delantera he took the lead
    1 ‹dinero/propina› to take
    2 ‹trabajo/casa› to take
    cogió una casa en las afueras she took a house in the outskirts
    no puedo coger más clases I can't take on any more classes
    3
    ( Esp) (admitir, atender): ya no cogen más niños en ese colegio they're not taking any more children at that school now
    estuvimos haciendo autostop durante horas hasta que nos cogieron we were hitching for hours before someone picked us up
    no pudieron cogerme en la peluquería, they couldn't fit me in at the hairdresser's
    entrevistó a cinco personas, pero no cogió a ninguno she interviewed five people, but she didn't give the job to any of them o she didn't take any of them on
    1 ‹enfermedad› to catch; ‹insolación› to get
    vas a coger frío you'll catch cold
    2 ‹borrachera/berrinche›
    cogí una borrachera I got plastered ( colloq)
    cogió un berrinche she had a temper tantrum
    3 ‹polvo/suciedad› to collect, gather
    con dos días en la playa ya cojo algo de color it only takes me a couple of days on the beach to start to tan o to get a bit of color
    los tejidos sintéticos no cogen bien el tinte synthetic fabrics don't dye well
    4 ‹costumbre/vicio/acento› to pick up; ‹ritmo› to get into
    le cogí cariño I got quite fond of him
    si le gritas te va a coger manía if you shout at him he'll take against you
    cogerla con algn to take it out on sb
    cogerla por hacer algo ( Ven fam); to take to doing sth
    1 ‹sentido/significado› to get
    no cogió el chiste/la indirecta he didn't get the joke/take the hint
    2 ‹emisora› to pick up, get
    3 ‹programa/frase› to catch
    cogí el programa por la mitad I only caught the second half of the program
    4 ‹apuntes/notas› to take
    le cogió las medidas para el vestido she measured her o took her measurements for the dress
    D (Méx, RPl, Ven vulg) (acostarse con) to screw ( vulg), to fuck ( vulg)
    ■ coger
    vi
    A
    1 «planta» to take
    2 «tinte/permanente» to take
    el tinte no cogió the dye didn't take
    B
    1
    coge/cogió y … ( fam): si empiezas con ese tema cojo y me voy if you're going to start talking about that, I'm off o ( AmE) I'm taking off ( colloq)
    de repente cogió y se fue suddenly he upped and went ( colloq)
    cogió y se puso a llorar she (suddenly) burst into tears
    2
    (por un camino): cogieron por el camino más corto they took the shortest route
    coge por esta calle go down this street
    3 ( Esp fam) (caber) to fit
    C (Méx, RPl, Ven vulg) (copular) to screw ( vulg), to fuck ( vulg)
    1 (agarrarse, sujetarse) to hold on
    cógete de la barandilla hold on to the railing
    2 ( recípr):
    iban cogidos de la mano they were walking along hand in hand
    * * *

     

    coger ( conjugate coger) verbo transitivo
    1 (esp Esp)
    a) ( tomar) to take;


    coge un folleto pick up o take a leaflet


    c) ‹flores/fruta› to pick



    no cogen el teléfono (Esp) they're not answering the phone
    2 ( atrapar) (esp Esp)
    a) ‹ladrón/pelota› to catch

    b) ‹pescado/liebre› to catch




    3
    a) ‹tren/autobús/taxi› to catch, take

    b) ‹calle/camino› to take

    4 (Esp fam)
    a) ( obtener) ‹billete/entrada› to get;


    coger sitio to save a place
    b) ( aceptar) ‹dinero/trabajo/casa› to take

    c) ( admitir) ‹alumnos/solicitudes› to take

    5 (esp Esp) ( adquirir)
    a) ‹ enfermedad› to catch;

    ‹ insolación› to get;

    b) ‹ acento› to pick up;

    ‹costumbre/vicio› to pick up;

    6 (esp Esp) ( captar)
    a) ‹sentido/significado› to get


    7 (Méx, RPl, Ven vulg) to screw (vulg), to fuck (vulg)
    verbo intransitivo
    1 (esp Esp) [ planta] to take;
    [tinte/permanente] to take
    2 (Méx, RPl, Ven vulg) to screw (vulg), to fuck (vulg)
    cogerse verbo pronominal (esp Esp)
    a) (agarrarse, sujetarse) to hold on;


    b) ( recípr):


    coger
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to take
    (agarrar) to seize: me cogió del brazo, he seized me by the arm
    (sostener) to hold: cógeme el bolso un momento, por favor, please hold my bag for a moment
    2 (un medio de transporte) to take, catch
    (una pelota, un resfriado, a alguien que huye, a alguien haciendo algo) to catch: ¡te cogí!, I caught you!
    3 (recoger del suelo) to pick (up)
    (una cosecha, flores, ropa tendida) to pick
    4 (un hábito) to pick up
    (velocidad, impulso) to gather
    5 (entender el sentido de algo) to grasp: no lo cojo, I don't understand it
    6 (atropellar) to run over, knock down
    7 LAm vulgar to fuck
    II verbo intransitivo familiar
    1 (caber) to fit
    2 (para indicar inicio de acción) cogió y se puso a cantar, he went and started singing
    ♦ Locuciones: ¡Dios me/te/le... coja confesado!, Lord help us!
    no hay por donde cogerlo, awful, third-rate
    ' coger' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - acostumbrada
    - acostumbrado
    - agarrar
    - alcanzar
    - anillo
    - atajo
    - baja
    - banda
    - calle
    - camino
    - debajo
    - despechugada
    - despechugado
    - desprevenida
    - desprevenido
    - embalarse
    - empuñar
    - enfriarse
    - horizontal
    - ligar
    - mona
    - prestar
    - separarse
    - soler
    - sorprender
    - sujetar
    - timón
    - tomar
    - toro
    - turca
    - volante
    - carrerilla
    - catarro
    - frío
    - mano
    - perra
    - sorpresa
    - tren
    - trompa
    English:
    act
    - bend
    - bypass
    - catch
    - catch out
    - catch up
    - cotton
    - end
    - entrap
    - gather
    - get
    - go down with
    - hold
    - hook
    - hop
    - lasso
    - luckily
    - nail
    - observe
    - opt
    - pants
    - pick
    - pluck
    - reach
    - red-handed
    - stick
    - take
    - take to
    - tape
    - train
    - trip up
    - umbrella
    - unawares
    - answer
    - fuck
    - hint
    - knack
    - latch
    - nab
    - prisoner
    - red
    - surprise
    - up
    * * *
    coger Although the word coger is accepted in educated use throughout Latin America, in many places its principal meaning is the taboo sense indicated at 21. For this reason it tends to be avoided in other contexts, and is usually replaced by agarrar.
    ♦ vt
    1. [tomar, agarrar] to take;
    coger a alguien de la mano to take sb by the hand;
    pasear cogidos de la mano to walk hand in hand;
    coger a alguien en brazos to take sb in one's arms;
    coge la tetera por el asa take o hold the teapot by the handle;
    coge esta bolsa un momento hold this bag a moment;
    ¿puedes coger el teléfono, por favor? could you pick the phone up o answer the phone, please?;
    Fam
    éste no ha cogido un libro en su vida he's never picked up a book in his life;
    Fam
    no haber por dónde cogerlo: esta película no hay por dónde cogerla I couldn't make head or tail of this movie o Br film;
    tu hermano es muy raro, no hay por dónde cogerlo your brother's very strange, it's hard to know what to make of him;
    se sabe todas las respuestas, no hay por dónde cogerlo he knows all the answers, it's impossible to catch him out
    2. [quitar] to take;
    coger algo a alguien to take sth from sb;
    ¿quién me ha cogido el lápiz? who's taken my pencil?;
    te he cogido la calculadora un momento I've just borrowed your calculator for a moment
    3. [recoger] [objeto caído] to pick up;
    [frutos, flores] to pick;
    se me ha caído el bolígrafo, ¿me lo puedes coger? I've dropped my pen, could you pick it up for me?;
    nos gusta mucho coger setas we really enjoy picking mushrooms o going mushrooming;
    cogimos a un autoestopista muy simpático we picked up a very friendly hitchhiker
    4. [atrapar] [ladrón, pez, pájaro, pelota] to catch;
    ¿a que no me coges? bet you can't catch me!;
    Fam
    ¡si te cojo, te la cargas! if I catch you, you'll be in for it!
    5. [sorprender]
    coger a alguien haciendo algo to catch sb doing sth;
    coger a alguien desprevenido to take sb by surprise;
    coger a alguien in fraganti to catch sb red-handed o in the act;
    la tormenta me cogió cerca de casa the storm broke when I was nearly home;
    el terremoto nos cogió en la capital the earthquake happened while we were in the capital;
    lo cogí de buen humor I caught him in a good mood
    6. [alcanzar] [persona, vehículo] to catch up with;
    aceleró para coger al corredor que llevaba delante she ran faster to try and catch up with the runner in front of her;
    cogió la delantera tras la segunda vuelta she went into o took the lead after the second lap
    7. [tren, autobús] to take, to catch;
    no me gusta coger el avión I don't like flying;
    prefiero coger el coche I'd rather drive
    8. [sacar, obtener] to get;
    he cogido hora con el dentista I've made an appointment with the dentist;
    ¿has cogido las entradas? have you got the tickets?
    9. [quedarse con] [propina, empleo, apartamento] to take;
    ha cogido un trabajo de mecanógrafo he has taken a job as a typist;
    llegaremos pronto para coger buen sitio we'll get there early to get a good seat;
    están tan ocupados que ya no cogen más encargos they're so busy they've stopped taking on o accepting orders
    10. [contratar, admitir] [personal] to take on;
    hemos cogido a una secretaria nueva we've taken on a new secretary;
    el colegio ya no coge más alumnos para este curso the school has stopped taking pupils for this year
    11. [contraer] [gripe, resfriado] to catch, to get;
    coger frío to get cold;
    coger una insolación to get sunstroke;
    coger el sarampión to get o catch (the) measles;
    coger una borrachera to get drunk;
    coger un berrinche to throw a tantrum
    12. [absorber] to absorb, to soak up;
    este tipo de esponja coge mucha agua this type of sponge absorbs a lot of water;
    esta mesa coge mucho polvo al lado de la ventana this table gets very dusty o gathers a lot of dust next to the window
    13. [empezar a sentir] [odio, afecto] to start to feel;
    coger cariño/miedo a to become fond/scared of
    14. [adquirir] [costumbre, vicio, acento] to pick up;
    los hijos cogen los hábitos de los padres children pick up the habits of their parents;
    ha cogido la costumbre de cantar por las mañanas she has taken to singing in the mornings;
    Fam
    cogerle el truco o [m5] tranquillo a algo to get the knack of sth;
    Fam
    cogerla con alguien: la ha cogido con nosotros, y no deja de molestarnos she's got it in for us and never leaves us alone
    15. [sintonizar] [canal, emisora] to get, to receive
    16. [entender] to get;
    [oír] to catch;
    ¿coges lo que te digo? do you get o understand what I'm saying to you?;
    no cogió la indirecta she didn't take the hint;
    no cogió el chiste he didn't get the joke;
    cogí su comentario a mitad I only half heard what she said, I only caught half of what she said
    17. [cobrar]
    coger fuerzas to build up one's strength;
    coger velocidad to gather o gain speed
    18. [sujeto: vehículo] to knock over, to run over;
    [sujeto: toro] to gore;
    me cogió un coche, y ando con muletas I was run over o hit by a car, and I'm on crutches now;
    le cogió un toro he was gored by a bull
    19. [abarcar] [espacio] to cover, to take up;
    estas oficinas cogen tres plantas del edificio these offices take up o occupy three floors of the building
    20. [elegir] to choose;
    cogió un mal momento para anunciar el resultado she chose a bad moment to announce the result
    21. Am Vulg [tener relaciones sexuales con] to screw, to fuck;
    coger a alguien to screw o fuck sb
    ♦ vi
    1. [situarse] to be;
    coge muy cerca de aquí it's not very far from here
    2. [dirigirse]
    coger a la derecha/la izquierda to turn right/left;
    coge por la calle de la iglesia take the church road
    3. [enraizar] to take;
    los rosales han cogido the roses have taken
    4. [contestar al teléfono] to answer;
    llevo un rato llamando, pero no cogen I've been calling for a while now, but there's no answer o they don't answer
    5. [indicando acción repentina]
    cogió y se fue she upped and went;
    de pronto cogió y me insultó he turned round and insulted me;
    si seguimos así, cojo y me marcho if we carry on like this, I'm off
    6. Am Vulg [tener relaciones sexuales] to screw, to fuck;
    coger con alguien to screw o fuck sb
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 ( asir) take (hold of); del suelo pick up
    2 L.Am. vulg
    screw vulg
    4 TRANSP catch, take;
    coger el tren/bus catch the train/bus
    5 ( entender) get
    6 emisora de radio pick up
    II v/i
    1 en un espacio fit
    2 L.Am. vulg
    screw vulg
    3 de una planta take, take root
    4
    :
    coger por la primera a la derecha take the first right
    * * *
    coger {15} vt
    1) : to seize, to take hold of
    2) : to catch
    3) : to pick up
    4) : to gather, to pick
    5) : to gore
    * * *
    coger vb
    1. (tomar) to take [pt. took; pp. taken]
    ¿quién ha cogido mi libro? who's taken my book?
    2. (pillar) to catch [pt. & pp. caught]
    quiero coger el tren de las 10.30 I want to catch the 10.30 train
    ¿a que no me coges? I bet you can't catch me
    3. (entender) to get
    4. (fruta, flor) to pick
    5. (emisora, canal) to pick up
    6. (tomar prestado) to borrow
    te cojo el diccionario, ¿vale? I'm just borrowing your dictionary, OK?
    te llevo a tu casa, me coge de camino I'll take you home, it's on my way

    Spanish-English dictionary > coger

  • 6 descuidado

    adj.
    1 careless, forgetful, reckless, carefree.
    2 neglected, forsaken, deserted, abandoned.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: descuidar.
    * * *
    1→ link=descuidar descuidar
    1 (negligente) careless, negligent
    2 (desaseado) slovenly, untidy, neglected
    3 (desprevenido) unprepared
    * * *
    (f. - descuidada)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) [persona] (=despreocupado) careless; (=olvidadizo) forgetful; (=desprevenido) unprepared; (=tranquilo) easy in one's mind

    coger o pillar a algn descuidado — to catch sb off his guard

    puedes estar descuidado — you needn't worry, you can relax

    2) (=desaliñado) [aspecto] untidy, slovenly; [habitación] untidy, messy
    3) (=abandonado) neglected
    * * *
    - da adjetivo
    a) [ser] ( negligente) careless
    b) [estar] ( desatendido) neglected
    * * *
    = run-down, sloppy [sloppier -comp., sloppiest -sup.], careless, messy [messier -comp., messiest -sup.], rough and tumble, neglected, scruffy [scruffier -comp., scuffiest -sup.], unattended, unkempt, abandoned, dingy [dingier -comp., dingiest -sup.], be remiss, thoughtless.
    Ex. In order to overcome the limitations of legal advice centres a number of lawyers in the early seventies began to set up law centres in run-down inner-city areas.
    Ex. Even the best abstractors and indexers may be subject to sloppy practices and grammatical indiscretions from time to time.
    Ex. They will spend time trying to ascribe reasons to the variations whereas the true facts are that the citer was simply sloppy and careless.
    Ex. The author discusses current attempts to organize electronic information objects in a world that is messy, volatile and uncontrolled.
    Ex. Gloucester has been a rough and tumble fishing community and seaport since the 1600's.
    Ex. The work of the Belgian internationalist and documentalist, Paul Otlet (1868-1944) forms an important and neglected part of the history of information.
    Ex. The article 'Surprise: Scruffy Students Now Don Glad Rags for Class' reports that high school students throughout the country are dressing up these days and that what is chic varies from region to region.
    Ex. He was hired to bring the library up to speed after a period of 2 years when it had been unattended by a librarian.
    Ex. Modern tourists lack a classical training, and most of them are bewildered by such unkempt ruins as those that are found in Rome.
    Ex. It tells the story of a young detective who stumbles across a stash of jewel thieves hiding out in an abandoned house.
    Ex. Shortly after he began as director, he moved the library from a dingy Carnegie mausoleum to a downtown department store that had become vacant.
    Ex. Yet readers would be remiss to rely solely on any single source for handling such sensitive and critical situations.
    Ex. Frivolous or thoughtless spending can eat up your income and hence your future savings.
    ----
    * usar de un modo descuidado = bandy (about/around).
    * uso de un modo descuidado = bandying about.
    * * *
    - da adjetivo
    a) [ser] ( negligente) careless
    b) [estar] ( desatendido) neglected
    * * *
    = run-down, sloppy [sloppier -comp., sloppiest -sup.], careless, messy [messier -comp., messiest -sup.], rough and tumble, neglected, scruffy [scruffier -comp., scuffiest -sup.], unattended, unkempt, abandoned, dingy [dingier -comp., dingiest -sup.], be remiss, thoughtless.

    Ex: In order to overcome the limitations of legal advice centres a number of lawyers in the early seventies began to set up law centres in run-down inner-city areas.

    Ex: Even the best abstractors and indexers may be subject to sloppy practices and grammatical indiscretions from time to time.
    Ex: They will spend time trying to ascribe reasons to the variations whereas the true facts are that the citer was simply sloppy and careless.
    Ex: The author discusses current attempts to organize electronic information objects in a world that is messy, volatile and uncontrolled.
    Ex: Gloucester has been a rough and tumble fishing community and seaport since the 1600's.
    Ex: The work of the Belgian internationalist and documentalist, Paul Otlet (1868-1944) forms an important and neglected part of the history of information.
    Ex: The article 'Surprise: Scruffy Students Now Don Glad Rags for Class' reports that high school students throughout the country are dressing up these days and that what is chic varies from region to region.
    Ex: He was hired to bring the library up to speed after a period of 2 years when it had been unattended by a librarian.
    Ex: Modern tourists lack a classical training, and most of them are bewildered by such unkempt ruins as those that are found in Rome.
    Ex: It tells the story of a young detective who stumbles across a stash of jewel thieves hiding out in an abandoned house.
    Ex: Shortly after he began as director, he moved the library from a dingy Carnegie mausoleum to a downtown department store that had become vacant.
    Ex: Yet readers would be remiss to rely solely on any single source for handling such sensitive and critical situations.
    Ex: Frivolous or thoughtless spending can eat up your income and hence your future savings.
    * usar de un modo descuidado = bandy (about/around).
    * uso de un modo descuidado = bandying about.

    * * *
    1 [ SER] (negligente) careless
    es muy descuidado al escribir he writes very carelessly o sloppily
    es muy descuidado, yo que tú no se lo prestaría he's very careless with things, if I were you I wouldn't lend him it
    es muy descuidada en su forma de vestir she's very sloppy about o slapdash about o slovenly in the way she dresses
    2 [ ESTAR] (desatendido) neglected
    el jardín está muy descuidado the garden is very neglected o overgrown
    tiene la casa muy descuidada he hasn't been looking after the house, his house is a mess ( colloq), his house is in a real state ( BrE colloq)
    al hijo lo tienen muy descuidado they neglect their son terribly
    los edificios son impresionantes, es una pena que estén tan descuidados the buildings are impressive, it's just a shame that they're so neglected o run-down
    * * *

    Del verbo descuidar: ( conjugate descuidar)

    descuidado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    descuidado    
    descuidar
    descuidado
    ◊ -da adjetivo

    a) [ser] ( negligente) careless;

    ( en el vestir) sloppy
    b) [estar] ( desatendido) neglected

    descuidar ( conjugate descuidar) verbo transitivo ‹negocio/jardín› to neglect
    verbo intransitivo:
    ◊ descuide, yo me ocuparé de eso don't worry, I'll see to that

    descuidarse verbo pronominal
    a) (no prestar atención, distraerse):


    si te descuidas, te roban if you don't watch out, they'll rob you;
    como te descuides, te van a quitar el puesto if you don't look out, they'll take your job from you

    descuidado,-a adjetivo
    1 (poco aseado) untidy, neglected
    2 (poco cuidadoso) careless, negligent
    3 (desprevenido) off one's guard
    descuidar verbo transitivo to neglect, overlook
    ♦ Locuciones: descuida, don't worry
    ' descuidado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    dejada
    - dejado
    - descuidada
    - descuidarse
    - abandonado
    - despreocupado
    English:
    careless
    - neglected
    - neglectful
    - negligent
    - slack
    - slapdash
    - sloppy
    - slovenly
    - unkempt
    - untidy
    - grow
    - messy
    - straggly
    - untended
    * * *
    descuidado, -a adj
    1. [desaseado] [persona, aspecto] untidy;
    arréglate un poco, no vayas tan descuidado tidy yourself up a bit, don't be so slovenly
    2. [abandonado] [jardín, casa] neglected;
    [habitación] untidy; [barrio, ciudad] run-down;
    un paraje bellísimo, pero muy descuidado a lovely spot, but very poorly looked after
    3. [negligente] careless;
    es muy descuidado con sus cosas he's very careless with his things
    4. [distraído]
    estaba descuidado he wasn't paying attention
    * * *
    adj careless
    * * *
    descuidado, -da adj
    1) : neglectful, careless
    2) : neglected, unkempt
    * * *
    1. (poco cuidadoso) careless
    2. (desatentido) neglected

    Spanish-English dictionary > descuidado

  • 7 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 8 bola

    f.
    1 ball (esfera).
    bola de billar billiard ball
    bola de cristal crystal ball
    bola de nieve snowball
    contar bolas to fib, to tell fibs
    3 rumor (informal).
    corre la bola por ahí de que te has echado novio they say you've got yourself a boyfriend
    4 shoe polish. ( Latin American Spanish)
    5 shoeblacking, shoe polish, shoe cream.
    6 scoop of ice cream.
    7 polishing, shoe polishing.
    8 tall story, cock-and-bull story, snow job.
    9 lie, porky, porky pie.
    * * *
    1 (gen) ball
    2 familiar fib, lie
    \
    no rascar bola (incompetente) to make a mess of everything 2 (gandul) not to do a stroke
    bola de nieve snowball
    bola de cristal crystal ball
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) ball
    2) lie, fib
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=cuerpo esférico) ball; [de helado] scoop; (=canica) marble

    bola de fuego — (Mil) fireball; (Meteo) ball lightning

    bola de tempestad, bola de tormenta — storm signal

    pie 2), queso 1)
    2) (Dep) ball; [de petanca] boule
    - andar como bola huacha

    ¡dale bola! — what, again!

    - parar bolas

    no me paró bolas — he didn't take any notice, he didn't pay attention

    - pasar la bola

    bola de billar — billiard ball, snooker ball

    bola de partido — Esp (Tenis) match ball

    bola de set — Esp (Tenis) set point

    3) [en lana, algodón] bobble

    hacerse bolas — [jersey, abrigo] to get bobbly; Méx * [persona] to get o.s. tied up in knots

    4) Esp (=músculo) [del brazo] biceps; [de la pantorrilla] calf muscle
    5) ** (=cabeza) nut *, noggin (EEUU) **
    6) pl bolas *** (=testículos) balls ***

    aquí todo el mundo va o está en bolas — everyone goes round naked o in the nude here

    - hasta las bolas

    me tiene hasta las bolas con sus tonterías — I'm pissed off with his fooling around ***, I've had it up to here with his fooling around *

    - pillar a algn en bolas
    7) * (=mentira) fib

    ¡vaya bola que nos metiste! — what a fib you told us!

    ¡qué bola más grande! — what a whopper! *

    ¿no te habrás tragado esa bola? — you didn't swallow that one, did you? *, you didn't fall for it, did you? *

    8) (=rumor)

    ¿quién ha corrido la bola de que se van a vivir al extranjero? — who's been spreading the word that they're going to move abroad?

    9) Méx
    10) (Naipes) (grand) slam
    11) (Náut) signal (with discs)
    12) (Tip) golf ball
    13) (Mec) ball bearing
    14) Méx (=jaleo) row, hubbub; (=pelea) brawl
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( cuerpo redondo) ball; ( de helado) scoop
    b) (Dep) ball; ( de petanca) boule; ( canica) (Col, Per) marble

    parar or poner bolas — (Col fam) to pay attention, listen up (AmE colloq)

    c) bolas femenino plural (fam: en algunas regiones vulg) ( testículos) balls (pl) (colloq or vulg)

    estar en bolas — (fam o vulg) to be stark naked (colloq)

    hacerse bolas con algo — (Méx) to get in a mess over something

    pillar a alguien en bolas — (fam o vulg) to catch somebody with their pants (AmE) o (BrE) trousers down (colloq)

    d) (fam) ( músculo - del brazo) biceps; (- de la pantorrilla) calf muscle

    sacar bola — (Esp) to flex one's muscles

    2) (fam) ( mentira) lie, fib (colloq)

    contar/decir bolas — to fib (colloq), to tell fibs (colloq)

    se tragó la bola! — she swallowed it! (colloq)

    3) (Andes, RPl fam) ( atención)
    4) (Méx fam) ( montón)
    5) (Méx) revolution, uprising ( esp the Mexican Revolution)

    armarse la bola — (Méx)

    * * *
    = fib, fibbing, ball.
    Ex. Democracy's most acute failures tend to result from power brokers who tell big fibs about the distribution of power.
    Ex. When it comes to fibbing, women are far ahead of their male counterparts, a new survey has revealed.
    Ex. People are positively delighted to find that there are motion picture loops on how to throw a ball properly, art slides, and all this sort of thing.
    ----
    * bañarse en bolas = skinny dip.
    * bola de alcanfor = mothball, moth crystal, camphor ball.
    * bola de barro = mudpie.
    * bola de cristal = crystal ball.
    * bola de cristal con nieve dentro = snow globe.
    * bola de hacer punto = knitting yarn.
    * bola de molienda = grinding ball.
    * bola de naftalina = mothball, moth crystal, camphor ball.
    * bola para el control del cursor en pantalla = trackball.
    * decir bolas = fib.
    * echar la bola a rodar = get + the ball rolling, set + the ball rolling, start + the ball rolling.
    * efecto bola de nieve = snowball effect.
    * en bolas = stark naked, in the nod, in the buff.
    * hacer una bola con Algo = ball + Nombre + up.
    * mantener la bola rodando = keep + the ball rolling.
    * mirar la bola de cristal = gaze into + crystal ball.
    * parada de bola = fielding.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( cuerpo redondo) ball; ( de helado) scoop
    b) (Dep) ball; ( de petanca) boule; ( canica) (Col, Per) marble

    parar or poner bolas — (Col fam) to pay attention, listen up (AmE colloq)

    c) bolas femenino plural (fam: en algunas regiones vulg) ( testículos) balls (pl) (colloq or vulg)

    estar en bolas — (fam o vulg) to be stark naked (colloq)

    hacerse bolas con algo — (Méx) to get in a mess over something

    pillar a alguien en bolas — (fam o vulg) to catch somebody with their pants (AmE) o (BrE) trousers down (colloq)

    d) (fam) ( músculo - del brazo) biceps; (- de la pantorrilla) calf muscle

    sacar bola — (Esp) to flex one's muscles

    2) (fam) ( mentira) lie, fib (colloq)

    contar/decir bolas — to fib (colloq), to tell fibs (colloq)

    se tragó la bola! — she swallowed it! (colloq)

    3) (Andes, RPl fam) ( atención)
    4) (Méx fam) ( montón)
    5) (Méx) revolution, uprising ( esp the Mexican Revolution)

    armarse la bola — (Méx)

    * * *
    = fib, fibbing, ball.

    Ex: Democracy's most acute failures tend to result from power brokers who tell big fibs about the distribution of power.

    Ex: When it comes to fibbing, women are far ahead of their male counterparts, a new survey has revealed.
    Ex: People are positively delighted to find that there are motion picture loops on how to throw a ball properly, art slides, and all this sort of thing.
    * bañarse en bolas = skinny dip.
    * bola de alcanfor = mothball, moth crystal, camphor ball.
    * bola de barro = mudpie.
    * bola de cristal = crystal ball.
    * bola de cristal con nieve dentro = snow globe.
    * bola de hacer punto = knitting yarn.
    * bola de molienda = grinding ball.
    * bola de naftalina = mothball, moth crystal, camphor ball.
    * bola para el control del cursor en pantalla = trackball.
    * decir bolas = fib.
    * echar la bola a rodar = get + the ball rolling, set + the ball rolling, start + the ball rolling.
    * efecto bola de nieve = snowball effect.
    * en bolas = stark naked, in the nod, in the buff.
    * hacer una bola con Algo = ball + Nombre + up.
    * mantener la bola rodando = keep + the ball rolling.
    * mirar la bola de cristal = gaze into + crystal ball.
    * parada de bola = fielding.

    * * *
    A
    se hacen bolas con la masa form the dough into balls
    el gato estaba hecho una bolita en el sofá the cat was curled up (in a little ball) on the sofa
    se me hizo una bola en el estómago I got a knot in my stomach
    tengo una bola en el estómago de haber comido tan rápido I ate too fast, my stomach feels heavy
    te vas a poner como una bola you're going to get very fat
    algunos tejidos se hacen bolas some materials get o go bobbly
    máquina de escribir de bola golf ball typewriter
    dorarle la bola a algn ( fam); to sweet-talk sb ( colloq)
    2 ( Dep) ball; (de petanca) boule; (canica) (Col, Per) marble
    andar como bola huacha ( Chi fam): ando como bola huacha I'm at a loss, I don't know what to do with myself
    como bola sin manija ( RPl fam): me tiene como bola sin manija he has me running about from pillar to post
    desde que se mudaron los amigos anda como bola sin manija since his friends moved away he's been at a complete loss o he's been wandering around like a lost soul o he hasn't known what to do with himself
    echarse la bolita ( Méx); to pass the buck
    parar or poner bolas ( Col fam); to pay attention, listen up ( AmE colloq)
    pare bolas, que le estoy hablando pay attention when I'm talking to you
    le advertí, pero no me puso bolas I warned him, but he didn't take the slightest notice ( colloq)
    (pelado) como una bola de billar ( RPl); as bald as a coot ( colloq), bald as a cue ball ( AmE) o ( BrE) billiard ball
    tener la cabeza como una bola de billar to be as bald as a coot ( colloq), to be as bald as a cue ball ( AmE) o ( BrE) billiard ball
    3 bolas fpl (fam: en algunas regiones vulg) (testículos) balls (pl) ( famor vulg)
    darle por or romperle las bolas a algn ( vulg); to get on sb's nerves ( colloq), piss sb off (sl)
    me da por las bolas que me empujen it really gets on my nerves o up my nose when people push me ( colloq), it really pisses me off when people push me (sl)
    estar en bolas ( fam o vulg); to be stark naked ( colloq)
    estar hasta las bolas ( vulg); to be pissed off (sl)
    hacerse bolas con algo ( Méx); to get in a mess over sth
    pillar a algn en bolas to catch sb on the hop ( colloq), to catch sb with their pants ( AmE) o ( BrE) trousers down ( colloq)
    4 ( fam) (músculo — del brazo) biceps; (— de la pantorrilla) calf muscle
    sacar bola to flex one's muscles
    se me subió la bola I got a cramp ( AmE), I got cramp ( BrE)
    Compuestos:
    crystal ball
    snowball
    match point
    set point
    B ( fam) (mentira) lie, fib ( colloq); (rumor) rumor*
    me metió una bola he told me a fib
    contar/decir bolas to fib ( colloq), to tell fibs ( colloq)
    ¡se tragó la bola! she swallowed it! ( colloq), she fell for it! ( colloq)
    corre la bola de que … (the) word is that …, word has it that …, it's going round that …
    C
    (Andes, RPI fam) (atención): se lo dije pero él no me dio bola or pero él, ni bola I told him, but he didn't take the slightest bit o ( BrE) a blind bit of notice ( colloq)
    D
    ( Méx fam) (montón): una bola de niños loads of o a whole bunch of kids ( colloq)
    una bola de libros stacks o loads of books ( colloq)
    E
    ( Méx fam) (brillo): ¿le doy bola? shall I polish o shine your shoes?
    F ( Méx) revolution, uprising ( esp the Mexican Revolution)
    armarse la bola ( Méx): cuando marcaron el penalty se armó la bola when they scored from the penalty all hell broke loose ( colloq)
    ¿por qué se armó la bola? — porque no había boletos what was all the fuss about? — there were no tickets left ( colloq)
    * * *

     

    bola sustantivo femenino
    1 ( cuerpo redondo) ball;
    ( de helado) scoop;
    (Dep) ball;
    ( de petanca) boule;
    ( canica) (Col, Per) marble;

    bola de nieve snowball;
    bola de partido/de set match/set point
    2
    ◊ bolas sustantivo femenino plural (fam: en algunas regiones vulg) ( testículos) balls (pl) (colloq or vulg);

    estar en bolas (fam or vulg) to be stark naked (colloq);
    hacerse bolas con algo (Méx) to get in a mess over sth
    3 (fam) ( mentira) lie, fib (colloq);

    contar/decir bolas to fib (colloq), to tell fibs (colloq)
    4 (Méx fam) ( montón):
    ◊ una bola de loads of (colloq)

    bola sustantivo femenino
    1 ball
    (canica) marble
    2 fam (mentira) fib
    ♦ Locuciones: correr la bola, to spread a rumour
    (desprevenido) without warning
    no dar pie con bola, to be unable to do anything right
    vulgar en bolas, (desnudo) naked
    ' bola' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    billar
    - borla
    - terráquea
    - terráqueo
    - efecto
    - granizo
    - hueco
    - ratón
    English:
    ball
    - bowl
    - crystal ball
    - dip
    - dumpling
    - mothball
    - pellet
    - scoop
    - snowball
    - crumple
    - crystal
    - fib
    - into
    - putt
    - roll-on
    - track
    * * *
    bola nf
    1. [esfera] ball;
    [de helado] scoop;
    tengo una bola en el estómago my stomach feels bloated;
    si sigues comiendo pasteles te pondrás como una bola if you carry on eating cakes, you'll get fat;
    dejar rodar la bola to let it ride
    bola de alcanfor mothball;
    bola de cristal crystal ball;
    bola de fuego fireball;
    bola de nieve snowball;
    Fig
    2. [pelota] ball;
    [canica] marble; Esp Fam
    no tocar o [m5]rascar bola: se pasó el partido entero sin tocar o [m5] rascar bola he didn't do a single thing in the whole match;
    no dio pie con bola he didn't do o get a thing right
    bola de billar billiard ball;
    bola de break [en tenis] break point;
    Ven bolas criollas bowls [singular];
    bola de juego [en tenis] game point;
    bola jugadora [en billar] cue ball;
    bola de partido [en tenis] match point;
    bola de set [en tenis] set point
    3. Fam [mentira] fib;
    contar bolas to fib, to tell fibs;
    me intentó meter una bola she tried to tell me a fib;
    esa bola no me la trago I'm not going to fall for that one
    4. Fam [rumor]
    corre la bola por ahí de que te has echado novio they say you've got yourself a boyfriend;
    ¡corre la bola!, nos van a poner un examen mañana they're going to give us an exam tomorrow, pass it on!
    5. Fam [músculo]
    sacar bola to make one's biceps bulge
    6. bola de nieve [planta] snowball tree
    7. muy Fam
    bolas [testículos] balls;
    Ven Fam
    echarle bolas: tienes que echarle bolas al asunto you really need to put some oomph o guts into it;
    Fam
    en bolas [desnudo] stark naked, Br starkers;
    pillar a alguien en bolas [sin nada, desprevenido] to catch sb out;
    ¡me has pillado en bolas!, ¡no tengo ni idea! you've got me there, I haven't a clue!;
    el profesor nos pilló en bolas the teacher caught us unprepared;
    RP muy Fam
    hinchar o [m5] romper las bolas [molestar] to be a pain in the Br arse o US butt
    8. Am [betún] shoe polish
    9. Chile [cometa] kite [large and round]
    10. Méx Fam [grupo de gente] crowd;
    en bola [en grupo] in a crowd, as a group
    11. Méx [riña] tumult, uproar
    12. Cuba, Chile
    bolas croquet
    13. Fam
    Esp
    a mi/tu/su bola: nosotros trabajando y él, a su bola we were working and there he was, just doing his own thing;
    Bol, RP
    andar como bola sin manija to wander around;
    Ven
    de bola que sí sure, you bet your life;
    Méx
    estar o [m5] meterse en bola to participate;
    Méx
    hacerse bolas to get muddled up;
    RP
    estar hecho bola to be shattered o Br knackered;
    RP
    dar bola a alguien to pay attention to sb;
    nadie le da bola al nuevo compañero nobody takes any notice of our new colleague;
    nunca le dio bola a su hijo she never showed any interest in her son;
    Andes, Ven
    parar bola a alguien to pay attention to sb;
    RP
    tener bolas [ser valiente] to have guts;
    [ser lento] to be slow o thick
    14. ver bolo2
    * * *
    f
    1 ball;
    no dar pie con bola get everything wrong;
    dejar que ruede la bola fig let things take their course
    2 TÉC ball bearing
    3 de helado scoop
    4 fam ( mentira) fib fam
    5
    :
    bolas pl pop balls pop, nuts pop ;
    en bolas fam stark naked
    * * *
    bola nf
    1) : ball
    bola de nieve: snowball
    2) fam : lie, fib
    3) Mex fam : bunch, group
    una bola de rateros: a bunch of thieves
    4) Mex : uproar, tumult
    * * *
    bola n
    1. (esfera) ball
    2. (mentira) lie

    Spanish-English dictionary > bola

  • 9 take

    {teik}
    I. 1. вземам
    2. водя, завеждам, отвеждам
    откарвам (с кола и пp.) (to на, в)
    занасям (to на, в)
    business often TAKEs me abroad често ходя в чужбина служебно, работата ми често ме кара да пътувам из чужбина
    3. хващам, залавям
    to TAKE prisoner/captive пленявам, вземам в плен
    they were TAKEn prisoner/hostage взеха ги пленници/заложници
    to TAKE someone unprepared изненадвам, хващам някого неподготвен
    4. вземам (и при игри), превземам, завладявам (и прен.)
    I was much TAKEn by the idea идеята много ми хареса
    5. възползувам се oт, използувам (възможности и пр.)
    6. вземам, наемам (жилище, коли, pаботна ръка и пр.)
    7. вземам, заемам, обсебвам (дума, идея и пр.)
    8. вземам, заемам, ангажирам (място и пр.)
    9. абониран съм за, получавам/купувам си редовно (вестник и пр.)
    10. вземам/използувам превозно средство
    11. вземам, поемам/тръгвам по (път и пр.)
    12. прескачам, преодолявам (препятствие и пр.)
    13. вземам, получавам, спечелвам (диплома, награда и пр.)
    to TAKE the biscuit/bun/cake sl. надминавам всички, излизам първeнeц
    14. вземам, приемам, поемам (хранa, лекарство, въздух u пр.), ям, пия
    to TAKE breakfast/dinner, etc. закусвам, обядвам и пр.
    do you TAKE sugar in your tea? със захар ли пиeте чая си? I cannot TAKE whisky нe могa да пия/не ми понася пиенето на уиски
    15. вземам, приемам (подарък, предложение и пр.)
    taking one thing with another прен. (взето) едно на друго
    taking all in all общо взето
    to TAKE things as they come приемам нещата такива, каквито са
    I am not taking any! да имаш да вземаш! ще извиняваш! благодаря! he will not TAKE no for an answer той не приема/не се примирява с отказ
    I suppose we must TAKE it at that да приемем/допуснем, че e така, да повярваме
    TAKE it from me! добре да гo знаеш
    16. предполагам, смятам, приемам
    what time do you TAKE it to be? колко мислиш, че e часът? how old do you TAKE him to be? колко години му даваш? I TAKE it that предполагам, че
    as I TAKE it според мен
    people took him to be mad хората го вземаха за луд
    17. разбирам, тълкувам
    to TAKE someone seriously вземам думите/постъпките на някого сериозно
    I don't know how to TAKE him не зная как да го разбирам/как да тълкувам думите/постъпките му
    18. поемам (командуване, отговорност, риск и пр.)
    to TAKE the consequences/the punishment поемам/понасям последствията/наказанието
    he can TAKE it разг. той издържа, носи (наказание, нещастие и пр.)
    19. вземам, отнемам (време и пр.), изисквам, трябва (ми), нужно (ми) е
    it TAKEs her/she TAKEs hours/ages to dress тя ce облича с часове
    to TAKE one's time over something /in doing something не се притеснявам/не си давам зор/не бързам с (извършването на) нещо
    TAKE your time полека, не бързай, не се притеснявай
    it took four men to hold him бяха необходими четирима души, за да гo удържат
    it TAKEs a clever man to do that ум трябва за тази работа, само умен човек може да свърши това
    that will TAKE some explaining това няма да е лесно да се обясни
    the work took some doing работата не беше лесна/лека
    it took some finding не беше лесно да се намери
    don't TAKE so much asking не чакай толкова да тe молят, не се назлъндисвай толкова
    20. измервам (температуpа, височина и пр.)
    отчитам данни (на измервателен ypед)
    21. хващам, пипвам, разболявам се oт
    22. правя снимка, снимам, излизам добре/зле на снимка
    to TAKE well излизам добре на снимка, фотогеничен съм
    23. обучавам, вземам (клас), следвам (курс и пр.)
    24. имам успех, харесвам се, имам/оказвам въздействие
    25. хващам (се) (за ваксина, присадка и пр.), хващам, ловя (за боя и пр.)
    26. побирам (за кола и пр.)
    27. издържам (товар и пр.), поддържам, крепя, подкрепям (за греда и пр.)
    28. пламвам (за огън)
    29. нося (номер на обувки и пр.)
    I TAKE sixes in gloves нося ръкавици номер шест
    30. мат. вадя, изваждам
    31. грам. вземам, управлявам
    32. разг. мамя, измамвам
    to TAKE advice приемам/вслушвам се в/потърсвам съвет
    to TAKE legal/medical advice съветвам се с адвокат/лекар
    to TAKE heed/notice of внимавам за, обръщам внимание на
    to TAKE measures/steps вземам мерки
    to TAKE one's name from нося името/наименованието си от
    to TAKE pains/trouble старая се, полагам грижи/старание
    to TAKE something apart/to pieces разглобявам нещо
    the table TAKEs apart масата се разглобява/е разглобяема
    II. 1. улов (дивеч, риба и пр.)
    2. театр. касов сбор
    3. печ. текст, даден за набор на един словослагател
    4. кино сцена, кадър (за снимане)
    * * *
    {teik} v (took {tuk}; taken {teikn}) 1. вземам; 2. водя, зав(2) {teik} n 1. улов (дивеч, риба и пр.); 2. театр. касов сбор;
    * * *
    хващам; спечелвам; улов; сварвам; пия; понасям; отнемам; правя; приемам; вземам; водя; разбирам; занасям; завеждам; залавям; наемам;
    * * *
    1. 1 вземам, отнемам (време и пр.), изисквам, трябва (ми), нужно (ми) е 2. 1 вземам, поемам/тръгвам по (път и пр.) 3. 1 вземам, получавам, спечелвам (диплома, награда и пр.) 4. 1 вземам, приемам (подарък, предложение и пр.) 5. 1 вземам, приемам, поемам (хранa, лекарство, въздух u пр.), ям, пия 6. 1 поемам (командуване, отговорност, риск и пр.) 7. 1 предполагам, смятам, приемам 8. 1 прескачам, преодолявам (препятствие и пр.) 9. 1 разбирам, тълкувам 10. 2 издържам (товар и пр.), поддържам, крепя, подкрепям (за греда и пр.) 11. 2 имам успех, харесвам се, имам/оказвам въздействие 12. 2 нося (номер на обувки и пр.) 13. 2 обучавам, вземам (клас), следвам (курс и пр.) 14. 2 пламвам (за огън) 15. 2 побирам (за кола и пр.) 16. 2 правя снимка, снимам, излизам добре/зле на снимка 17. 2 хващам (се) (за ваксина, присадка и пр.), хващам, ловя (за боя и пр.) 18. 2 хващам, пипвам, разболявам се oт 19. 20. измервам (температуpа, височина и пр.) 20. 3 грам. вземам, управлявам 21. 3 разг. мамя, измамвам 22. 30. мат. вадя, изваждам 23. as i take it според мен 24. business often takes me abroad често ходя в чужбина служебно, работата ми често ме кара да пътувам из чужбина 25. do you take sugar in your tea? със захар ли пиeте чая си? i cannot take whisky нe могa да пия/не ми понася пиенето на уиски 26. don't take so much asking не чакай толкова да тe молят, не се назлъндисвай толкова 27. he can take it разг. той издържа, носи (наказание, нещастие и пр.) 28. i am not taking any! да имаш да вземаш! ще извиняваш! благодаря! he will not take no for an answer той не приема/не се примирява с отказ 29. i don't know how to take him не зная как да го разбирам/как да тълкувам думите/постъпките му 30. i suppose we must take it at that да приемем/допуснем, че e така, да повярваме 31. i take sixes in gloves нося ръкавици номер шест 32. i was much taken by the idea идеята много ми хареса 33. i. вземам 34. ii. улов (дивеч, риба и пр.) 35. it takes a clever man to do that ум трябва за тази работа, само умен човек може да свърши това 36. it takes her/she takes hours/ages to dress тя ce облича с часове 37. it took four men to hold him бяха необходими четирима души, за да гo удържат 38. it took some finding не беше лесно да се намери 39. people took him to be mad хората го вземаха за луд 40. take it from me! добре да гo знаеш 41. take your time полека, не бързай, не се притеснявай 42. taking all in all общо взето 43. taking one thing with another прен. (взето) едно на друго 44. that will take some explaining това няма да е лесно да се обясни 45. the table takes apart масата се разглобява/е разглобяема 46. the work took some doing работата не беше лесна/лека 47. they were taken prisoner/hostage взеха ги пленници/заложници 48. to take advice приемам/вслушвам се в/потърсвам съвет 49. to take breakfast/dinner, etc. закусвам, обядвам и пр 50. to take heed/notice of внимавам за, обръщам внимание на 51. to take legal/medical advice съветвам се с адвокат/лекар 52. to take measures/steps вземам мерки 53. to take one's name from нося името/наименованието си от 54. to take one's time over something /in doing something не се притеснявам/не си давам зор/не бързам с (извършването на) нещо 55. to take pains/trouble старая се, полагам грижи/старание 56. to take prisoner/captive пленявам, вземам в плен 57. to take someone seriously вземам думите/постъпките на някого сериозно 58. to take someone unprepared изненадвам, хващам някого неподготвен 59. to take something apart/to pieces разглобявам нещо 60. to take the biscuit/bun/cake sl. надминавам всички, излизам първeнeц 61. to take the consequences/the punishment поемам/понасям последствията/наказанието 62. to take things as they come приемам нещата такива, каквито са 63. to take well излизам добре на снимка, фотогеничен съм 64. what time do you take it to be? колко мислиш, че e часът? how old do you take him to be? колко години му даваш? i take it that предполагам, че 65. абониран съм за, получавам/купувам си редовно (вестник и пр.) 66. вземам (и при игри), превземам, завладявам (и прен.) 67. вземам, заемам, ангажирам (място и пр.) 68. вземам, заемам, обсебвам (дума, идея и пр.) 69. вземам, наемам (жилище, коли, pаботна ръка и пр.) 70. вземам/използувам превозно средство 71. водя, завеждам, отвеждам 72. възползувам се oт, използувам (възможности и пр.) 73. занасям (to на, в) 74. кино сцена, кадър (за снимане) 75. откарвам (с кола и пp.) (to на, в) 76. отчитам данни (на измервателен ypед) 77. печ. текст, даден за набор на един словослагател 78. театр. касов сбор 79. хващам, залавям
    * * *
    take [teik] I. v ( took [tuk], taken[´teikn]) 1. в комбинация със съществително, носител на цялостното значение на фразата: to \take care внимавам, пазя се; грижа се за (of); to \take a shower вземам душ, къпя се; to \take a risk рискувам; to \take heart окуражавам се; to \take account of държа сметка за; to \take advice приемам (вслушвам се в; потърсвам) съвет; to \take aim прицелвам се; to \take a dislike to намразвам; to \take a nap дрямвам, поспивам; to \take a turn 1) разхождам се, разтъпквам се; 2) променям се; to \take a turn for the better подобрявам се; to \take cover скривам се; to \take effect давам резултат; имам въздействие; влизам в сила; to \take exception to правя възражение срещу; to \take heed ( notice) of внимавам, обръщам внимание на; to \take leave of сбогувам се с; to \take leave of o.'s senses изгубвам си ума; to \take notes водя си бележки; to \take offence ( umbrage) обиждам се; to \take pains ( trouble) старая се, полагам грижи (старание); to \take part in участвам в, вземам участие в; to \take pity on съжалявам се над, смилявам се; имам милост към; to \take place става, състои се; to \take pleasure in намирам удоволствие в, приятно ми е да (с ger); to \take possession of завладявам; to \take pride in гордея се с; to \take rise произлизам, създавам се; to \take sides вземам страна (при спор и пр.); to \take wing отлитам; to \take wind разчувам се; 2. вземам; to \take in hand залавям се (заемам се) за; to \take in tow тегля, влача с въже; стягам ( някого); 3. водя, завеждам; \take me to him заведи ме при него; 4. хващам, залавям; to \take s.o. by the throat хващам някого за гушата; to \take s.o.'s arm хващам някого под ръка; to \take prisoner ( captive) пленявам, вземам в плен; to \take hold of хващам, сграбчвам; to \take in charge ( into custody) арестувам, затварям, задържам; to \take in the act залавям на местопрестъплението; to \take by surprise изненадвам; to \take unprepared изненадвам, хващам неподготвен; to \take at a disadvantage залавям (намирам, хващам) в неблагоприятно положение; 5. вземам, отнемам (време и пр.); изисквам, трябва ми, нужно ми е; he took ( it took him) three years нужни му бяха три години; to \take o.'s time over s.th. не бързам с нещо; it took four men to hold him бяха нужни четири души, за да го удържат; it \takes a clever man to do that за тази работа трябва ум, само умен човек може да свърши това; it \takes two to make a quarrel обикновено и в двете страни има вина; the work took some doing работата не беше лесна; it took some finding не беше лесно да се намери; 6. възползвам се от, използвам (възможност и пр.); to \take o.'s chance възползвам се; 7. вземам, заемам (дума, идея и пр.) ( from от); 8. вземам, приемам (подарък, предложение и пр.); taking one thing with another прен. едно върху друго; taking all in all общо взето; to \take things as one finds them приемам нещата такива, каквито са; to \take it from there действам според случая (без предварителен план); to \take the rough with the smooth приемам и доброто, и лошото хладнокръвно; I'm not taking any ще има да вземаш! ще извиняваш! благодаря! he will not \take no не приема отказ; I suppose we must \take it at that предполагам, че трябва да го приемем така (да повярваме); \take it from me! вярвай ми!; to \take it easy не се вълнувам (тревожа); не бързам; to \take it lying down приемам поражение без съпротива; прен. вдигам ръце; \take it badly обиждам се, огорчавам се; 9. вземам, заемам; ангажирам, запазвам (място и пр.); to \take a back seat прен. оставам в сянка; изгубвам значението (влиянието) си; to \take the chair заемам председателското място, председателствам; 10. абониран съм за, получавам (купувам) редовно (вестник и пр.); 11. вземам, използвам (превозно средство); to \take ship качвам се на кораб; to \take horse ост. качвам се на кон, пътувам на кон; 12. вземам, поемам, тръгвам по (път и пр.); 13. предполагам, мисля, смятам, приемам; what time do you \take it to be? колко мислите, че е часът? I \take it that предполагам, че; let us \take it that да предположим, че; 14. вземам; наемам, използвам (жилище, кола, работна ръка и пр.); 15. прескачам, преодолявам (препятствие и пр.); 16. вземам, получавам, спечелвам (диплома, награда и пр.); вземам, издържам ( изпит); \take it or leave it прави каквото искаш; 17. вземам, поемам (храна, въздух и пр.); ям, пия; to \take o.'s meals храня се; do you \take sugar in your tea? със захар ли пиете чая? I cannot \take whisky не мога да пия уиски, не ми понася уиски; 18. разбирам, тълкувам; to \take s.th. in the wrong way разбирам нещо неправилно; to \take as a datum вземам, приемам за нула или начало; to \take s.o. seriously вземам думите (постъпките) на някого на сериозно; to \take ill ( amiss) обиждам се, разбирам (тълкувам) неправилно; I don't know how to \take him не знам как да го разбирам (как да разбирам думите му); 19. вземам (и при игри), превземам, завладявам (и прен.); to \take by storm превземам с щурм; I was much \taken with the idea идеята много ми хареса; 20. занасям (to на, в); водя, завеждам, отвеждам (to на, в); откарвам (с кола и пр.); 21. поемам (отговорност, командване и пр.); \take as read пренебрегвам (маловажни факти и пр.); to \take the lead заставам начело, водя; to \take the consequences ( the punishment) поемам (понасям) последствията (наказанието); 22. измервам (температура, височина и пр.); to \take reading отчитам данни (напр. от ска́ла); отчитам (данни на измервателен уред); 23. хващам, пипвам, разболявам се от; заразявам се; to be \taken ill разболявам се; 24. правя ( снимка), снимам, фотографирам; изобразявам, рисувам; излизам (добре, зле) на снимка; she doesn't \take well тя не излиза добре на снимки, не е фотогенична; 25. обучавам, вземам ( клас); следвам (курс и пр.); 26. имам успех, харесвам се, налагам се; to be \taken with завладян съм от, пленен съм от, много ми се нрави; 27. хваща (за ваксина и пр.); хваща се (за присадка и пр.); хваща, лови (боя и пр.); to \take root вкоренява се; хваща корен; 28. побира (за кола и пр.); 29. издържа (товар и пр.); поддържа, крепи, подкрепя (за греда и пр.); 30. пламва (за огън); to \take fire запалвам се, подпалвам се; 31. нося (номер обувки и пр.); I \take sixes in gloves нося ръкавици номер шест; 32. ловя, хващам; to \take fish ловя риба; 33. втвърдявам се (за цимент, гипс и пр.); прониквам, боядисвам (за боя, оцветител); • to \take a leaf out of s.o.'s book възприемам нечий метод и пр.; to \take God's name in vain споменавам божието име напразно; to \take ( holy) orders ръкополагат ме за (ставам) свещеник; запопвам се; to \take for granted не се съобразявам много с; приемам нещо за дадено (за разбиращо се от само себе си); to \take too much for granted позволявам си твърде много, отивам твърде далеч; to \take in set получавам остатъчна деформация; to \take into account вземам (имам) предвид; to \take o.'s name from нося името си от; to \take s.o. at his word повярвам на някого; to \take the air разхождам се на (чист) въздух; to \take the bull by the horns посрещам смело трудно положение; to \take the liberty of позволявам си да (с ger); to \take the measure of s.o.'s foot разбирам какво мога да си позволя с някого; to \take the offensive минавам в настъпление, атакувам; to \take the view that на мнение съм, мисля, че; to \take (s.o.) to task държа (някого) отговорен; хокам (някого); to have what it \takes притежавам способности (данни); II. n 1. улов (дивеч, риба и пр.); 2. театр. сбор, пари, получени от едно представление; 3. печ. текст, даден за набор на един словослагател; 4. кино сцена, кадър (за снимане), дубъл; кинокадър; to be on the \take sl вземам подкупи.

    English-Bulgarian dictionary > take

  • 10 bereit

    Adj.; nur präd.
    1. (fertig) bereit sein zu etw. be ready for s.th.; zur Abfahrt bereit ready to leave
    2. (gewillt) bereit sein zu etw. be prepared / willing to do s.th.; zu Konzessionen bereit prepared to make concessions; WIRTS., Geschäftsbrief: wir sind gern bereit zu (+ Inf.) we shall be pleased to (+ Inf.) zu allem bereit game for anything, prepared to try ( oder risk) anything; sich bereit erklären oder finden zu (+ Inf.) agree to (+ Inf.) freiwillig: volunteer to (+ Inf.)
    * * *
    prompt; ready; willing; disposed; finished; forthcoming; prepared; set
    * * *
    be|reit [bə'rait]
    adj usu pred
    1) (= fertig) ready; (= vorbereitet auch) prepared

    es ist alles zum Essen beréít — the meal is all ready or prepared

    es ist alles zum Aufbruch beréít — we're all ready to go

    zum Einsatz beréíte Truppen — troops ready or prepared to go into action

    See:
    2) (= willens) willing, prepared

    zu Zugeständnissen/Verhandlungen beréít sein — to be prepared to make concessions/to negotiate

    beréít sein, etw zu tun — to be willing or prepared to do sth

    sich beréít zeigen, etw zu tun — to show oneself willing or prepared or ready to do sth

    sich beréít erklären, etw zu tun — to agree to do sth

    sich zu etw beréít finden — to be willing or prepared to do sth

    See:
    * * *
    1) ((negative unprepared) made ready.) prepared
    2) (ready: I want everything in readiness for his arrival.) in readiness
    3) ((negative unready) willing: I'm always ready to help.) ready
    * * *
    be·reit
    [bəˈrait]
    1. (fertig)
    ▪ [für [o zu] etw] \bereit sein to be ready [for sth]; (vorbereitet) to be prepared for sth
    sich akk [für [o zu] etw] \bereit halten to be ready [or prepared] [for sth]
    haltet euch für den Abmarsch \bereit! get ready to march
    sich akk \bereit halten, etw zu tun to be ready to do sth
    etw \bereit haben to have sth at the ready
    eine Antwort/Ausrede \bereit haben to have an answer/excuse ready [or a ready answer/excuse
    ▪ zu etw dat \bereit sein to be willing [or prepared] to do sth
    zum Nachgeben/zu Zugeständnissen \bereit sein to be prepared to yield/to make concessions
    ▪ \bereit sein, etw zu tun to be willing [or prepared] to do sth
    sich akk \bereit erklären, etw zu tun to agree to do sth
    * * *
    1) (fertig, gerüstet)
    2) (gewillt)

    bereit sein, etwas zu tun — be willing or ready or prepared to do something

    sich bereit zeigen/finden, etwas zu tun — show oneself/be willing or ready or prepared to do something

    sich bereit erklären, etwas zu tun — declare oneself willing or ready to do something

    * * *
    bereit adj; nur präd
    bereit sein zu etwas be ready for sth;
    zur Abfahrt bereit ready to leave
    bereit sein zu etwas be prepared/willing to do sth;
    zu Konzessionen bereit prepared to make concessions; WIRTSCH, Geschäftsbrief:
    wir sind gern bereit zu (+inf) we shall be pleased to (+inf)
    zu allem bereit game for anything, prepared to try ( oder risk) anything;
    finden zu (+inf) agree to (+inf) freiwillig: volunteer to (+inf)
    …bereit im adj
    1. (fertig für) mit subst oder Verb:
    anziehbereit ready to wear;
    ausgehbereit ready to go out;
    funktionsbereit operational, ready to go umg;
    reisebereit ready for departure
    2. (gewillt zu) mit subst:
    friedensbereit prepared ( oder willing) to make peace;
    widerstandsbereit ready to fight back, ready to resist
    * * *
    1) (fertig, gerüstet)

    bereit sein, etwas zu tun — be willing or ready or prepared to do something

    sich bereit zeigen/finden, etwas zu tun — show oneself/be willing or ready or prepared to do something

    sich bereit erklären, etwas zu tun — declare oneself willing or ready to do something

    * * *
    (für) adj.
    ready (for) adj. adj.
    inclinable adj.
    ready adj. adv.
    preparedly adv.
    promptly adv.
    readily adv.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > bereit

  • 11 dak

    1  roof
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   het dak van de wereld • the roof of the world
         een gewelfd dak • a vaulted roof
         auto met open dak • convertible; soft-top
         een plat dak • a flat roof
         een schuin/aflopend dak • a pitched/sloping roof
         een dak boven het hoofd hebben • have a roof over one's head
         onder dak komen • find accommodation/shelter
         hij is onder dak • 〈 letterlijk〉 he has found shelter; 〈 figuurlijk〉 he is settled/set up (for life)
         onder één dak wonen • live under one/the same roof, live in the same house
         iemand tijdelijk onder dak brengen • find temporary accommodation for someone
         toeristen onder dak brengen • find accommodation for/house tourists
         iemand/iets op zijn dak schuiven • lay/put the blame on someone
         iemand op zijn dak vallen • descend on someone
         het viel me koud op mijn dak • I was quite unprepared for it, it gave me quite a turn/start
         iemand de politie op zijn dak sturen • put the police on to someone
         hij kreeg (daarvoor) de politie op zijn dak • he got the police down on him
         〈 figuurlijk〉 iets van de daken verkondigen/schreeuwen • shout/proclaim something from the housetops/rooftops
         het gaat van een leien dakje • it's plain sailing (all the way), it's as easy as falling off a log, it's a piece of cake
         ga nu maar gauw op het dak zitten • you must be kidding!, tell it to the marines!
    ¶   uit je dak gaan • go crazy/out of one's mind

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > dak

  • 12 niet

    niet1
    I 〈de〉 〈 meestal nietje〉
    1 [metalen beugeltje] staple
    2 [klinknageltje] rivet
    II 〈 de (mannelijk)〉
    1 [met betrekking tot een loterij] blank
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   een niet trekken • draw a blank
    III 〈 het〉
    1 [het niet zijn] nothingness
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   dat valt in het niet vergeleken bij … • that pales into insignificance beside …
         in het niet verdwijnen • vanish/fade into nothingness; vanish into thin air
    ————————
    niet2
    〈 bijwoord〉
    1 [ontkenning] not
    2 [toch, immers] not
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   niet geslaagd/gereed/authentiek, enz. • unsuccessful/unprepared/unauthentic 〈enz.〉
         ik hoop van niet • I hope not
         gelieve niet te roken • please do not smoke
         ik ook niet • neither/nor do I/am I/have I/ 〈enz.〉
         niet alleen …, maar ook … • not only … but also …
         ik kan niet anders dan zijn voorstel aannemen • I cannot but accept his proposal
         het betaalt goed, daar niet van • it's well-paid, that's not the point, but
         dan niet! • (all right) then no!
         hij keek niet eens • he didn't even look, he never even looked
         helemaal niet • not at all; 〈 informeel〉 no way
         lang zo goed niet • nowhere near as/so good
         denk dat maar niet • don't you believe it!
         volstrekt niet • absolutely not
         ik neem aan van niet • I don't suppose so
         niet dat … • (it's) not that …, it's not as if …
         dat viel mee, of niet? • that was all right, wasn't it? 〈enz.〉
         ze is niet al te slim • she is none too bright
    2   heb ik het je niet gezegd? • didn't I tell you?
         hoe vaak heb ik niet gedacht … • how often have I thought …
         niet waar? • isn't it?, aren't they?, doesn't he?, can't we? 〈enz.〉
    ————————
    niet3
    1  nothing ⇒ nought
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   te niet gaan • come to nothing/nought, perish; be extinguished/shattered 〈 hoop〉
         te niet doen • nullify, annul, cancel; set aside, override 〈 wet, besluit〉; dispose of 〈 theorie〉; undo 〈 resultaat van iets〉; dash, defeat 〈 hoop〉; put an end to 〈 overeenkomst〉
         een schuld te niet doen • cancel (out) a debt
         op deze wijze heeft hij al mijn werk te niet gedaan • in this way he undid all my work
         dat is niet meer dan een suggestie • that's nothing more than a suggestion

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > niet

  • 13 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

См. также в других словарях:

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  • unprepared — adj 1. unready, Inf. caught short, caught napping, taken off guard, surprised, caught by surprise, taken aback, dumfounded, abashed; disorganized, at sixes and sevens, not set up, confused, jumbled, muddled. 2. untrained, unskilled, ignorant,… …   A Note on the Style of the synonym finder

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  • World War II — the war between the Axis and the Allies, beginning on September 1, 1939, with the German invasion of Poland and ending with the surrender of Germany on May 8, 1945, and of Japan on August 14, 1945. Abbr.: WWII * * * or Second World War (1939–45)… …   Universalium

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